According to their functions and roles, city centres can be divided into market towns, industrial towns, suburban centres, metropolitan cities, and resort and historic towns (Department of the Environment &URBED 1994). Starting from the middle of the 20th century, some of the large cities of Europe, North America, New Zealand, and Australia went into the city centre decline (Moses & Gale 2001). The concept of the city centre decline can be defined as the process of gradual decay and deterioration of the urban environments (such as buildings, streets, and public facilities) eventually resulting in negative economic outcomes (such as outmigration, loss of human and business capital of the area, and the increasing rates of unemployment) (Moses & Gale 2001). Moreover, the researchers argue that some of the main causes of city centre decline are:
- The population’s desire to live in a safer and quieter place
- The attractiveness of suburban areas and life
Naturally, the urban citizens are willing to avoid living in the city centres known for high crime rates, air pollution, decaying school buildings, and the shifting ethnic dynamics (Moses & Gale 2001). Besides, the businesses of the city view the central areas as unattractive as well due to their failure to provide enough clients, suitable offices and building in required quantity in comparison with the other commercial districts (Milder 2005). The city centres are required to develop their unique features of attraction to regain the attention of business owners and potential shoppers (Milder 2005).
Due to the progressive nature of city centre decline observed in the large urban areas of the United States, the neighbourhoods primarily populated by the representatives of middle class eventually moved away turning the centre into the prevalently impoverished and low-income areas with the disadvantaged population. Over time, the owners of the apartments and houses in the city centre reduced their effort spent on the support of the living areas in response to the diminished tax income. In turn, the city agencies cut the maintenance and public services. As a result, the areas overcrowded with low-income population started to experience clashes between the newcomers and the local residents that forced more households to seek for accommodations elsewhere. As the stores noticed the loss of customers, their owners moved the businesses to more profitable districts creating the shopping centres in the suburban areas (Moses & Gale 2001).
The tendency of rising suburbanisation and the changes in demographics of the city centres that dominated in the end of the 20th century was observed throughout the world in the largest cities of the UK, Germany, France, Australia, Argentina, the USA, and Canada (Moses & Gale 2001). The urban deterioration has several impacts as demonstrated in the table
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